Krakatoa - the day the world exploded
Simon Winchester
Paperback: 448 pages
Viking Publisher, 2003
Setiap orang Indonesia tahu kalau judul lengkap buku ini – “Krakatoa – the day the world exploded” – salah. Nama gunung berapi itu Krakatau, dan lagi, bukan seluruh dunia yang meledak.... Tentu saja, si pengarang ini sebenarnya tahu juga. Ia menguraikan panjang lebar, tentang asal kata ‘Krakatoa’. Dan ia menuturkannya sebagai suatu cerita sejarah yang cukup menarik, karena meliputi perkembangan telegrafi dan artinya bagi dunia yang beranjak modern. Itu hanya satu alasan mengapa saya senang membaca buku ini.... Ada banyak alasan lain.
Meski demikian, buku ini juga tidak bebas dari beberapa soal yang bisa dikritik. Cerita tentang sejarah telegrafi, bagus. Tapi buat saya, sejarah ini ditulis terlalu melebar. Mungkin si pengarang tidak menentukan fokus tulisannya dari mula. Atau mungkin juga, ia mau melukiskan gambaran besar dari dunia dan perikehidupan di antara abad ke-19 dan 20, lalu memperlihatkan betapa dunia ini dipengaruhi oleh ledaknya Krakatau. Bagus juga, namun cara semacam ini seringkali jadi melelahkan buat mereka yang membacanya. Orang Indonesia bakal menemukan juga beberapa ketidaktelitian fakta sejarah di dalam buku ini. Satu contoh: Simon Winchester berfikir bahwa “Multatuli” (nama pena Eduard Douwes Dekker) berasal dari bahasa Jawa. Dan dia juga tidak tahu perbedaan antara bahasa Jawa dan bahasa Sunda. Pada akhirnya, kita mesti maklum kalau ia mengarang buku ini sebagai wartawan, bukannya ilmuwan. Meski juga bukan sembarang wartawan, Simon Winchester dididik dalam tradisi keilmuan yang cocok: pernah ia menjadi mahasiswa geologi dan ikut ekspedisi ke daerah kutub utara (diceritakannya juga di buku ini). Artinya ia mengerti sains dan perkembangan sains, dan justru sejarah perkembangan itulah yang jadi alasan kenapa buku ini jadi penting.
Dalam ilmu bumi, seperti juga dalam biologi dan botani, Indonesia adalah “laboratorium” besar yang penting. Karena letaknya. Baru sejak tahun 1967 teori Wegener mengenai tektonik bumi (yang sebenarnya sudah lama dipublikasikan tetapi tidak diperhatikan) mulai diterima. Menurut teori ini, kerak bumi terdiri dari dataran besar yang terapung di atas mantel bumi, kita menyebutnya lempeng tektonik. Jadi daratan dan lautan yang kita lihat ini sebenarnya adalah bagian dari lempeng-lempeng tektonik yang tak pernah berhenti bergerak ke segala arah.
Lempeng-lempeng tektonik yang membentuk daratan dan lautan di seluruh dunia
Sumber : http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/slabs.html
Jika dua lempeng benua bertemu terjadilah tabrakan. Kalau kedua lempeng itu sama berat, di sepanjang tabrakan ini bakal terbentuk pegunungan. Ketika India menabrak Asia contohnya, terjadilah pegunungan Himalaya. (India, yang dulu letaknya pada bagian selatan dari Afrika timur bergerak ke utara dengan kecepatan 5 centimeter setahun). Tetapi jika lempeng benua yang satu lebih ringan dari yang lain, terjadilah subduksi. Artinya, lempeng benua yang lebih ringan bakal melesak turun ke bawah lempeng yang lebih berat– seperti dekat pantai selatan pulau Jawa dan pantai barat pulau Sumatra. Akibatnya laut di sana sangat dalam. Juga antara Kalimantan dengan Sulawesi dan antara Bali-Lombok, terdapat daerah subduksi. Di daerah-daerah laut itu (antara Kalimantan dengan Sulawesi, antara Bali dengan Lombok) terdapat “Garis Wallace” – yang penting juga artinya bagi sejarah dan perkembangan biologi modern. Wallace mencermati bahwa satwa dan tumbuh-tumbuhan di sebelah barat dari ‘garis’ itu sangat berbeda dari yang terdapat di sebelah timurnya. Semua itu dibicarakan seluas-luasnya dalam buku ini demi manfaat pembaca.. Gejalah subduksi ini pula yang menyebabkan tingginya aktivitas vulkanik di gunung-gunung berapi di Jawa, Sumatera dan pulau-pulau lain di Indonesia. Mungkin ledakan yang paling besar ialah letusnya gunung Toba – 70 000 tahun yang lalu. Sangat besar juga ledaknya gunung Tambora, di Sumbawa, pada tahun 1815 (pada waktu itu belum ada telegrafi, sehingga ledakan itu kurang dikenal orang pada umumnya).
Mengapa Krakatau bisa membunuh 36 000 orang, mengapa Krakatau berhasil secara spektakuler meniadakan diri? Menurut pendapat pengarang (dan banyak ahli) salah satu alasannya adalah karena air laut sempat masuk ke dalam api dalam gunung itu. Akibatnya adalah produksi uap yang menambah kekuatan ledakan Krakatau. Bagaimanapun, debu ledakan ini naik hingga sangat tinggi dan mengelilingi bumi selama beberapa tahun. Benamnya matahari disertai warna yang spektakuler di langit – seperti api besar (pengarang bercerita bahwa di beberapa kota di Amerika Serikat, pasukan pemadam kebakaran sudah keluar untuk memadam api itu…) Fenomena Krakatau ini jadi penting juga bagi cabang ilmu lain: meteorologi. Menurut si pengarang sejarah bangsa Indonesia juga dipengaruhi oleh ledaknya Krakatau ini. Karena fenomena ini lalu bertindak sebagai pendorong perkembangan nasionalis dan Islam radikal di Indonesia (paling tidak di Jawa Barat). Entah. Namun jika dibaca dengan jeli dan kritis, buku ini sangat bermanfaat buat pembaca yang ingin memperluas pengetahuan – dan suka membaca buku yang dikarang dengan baik.
(Ed van Straten, penikmat buku, ilmu dan budaya Indonesia. Tinggal di Den Haag)

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